Making space for proactive adaptation of rapidly changing coasts: a windows of opportunity approach

Coastlines are very often places where the impacts of global change are felt most keenly, and they are also often sites of high values and intense use for industry, human habitation, nature conservation and recreation. In many countries, coastlines are a key contested territory for planning for climate change, and also locations where development and conservation conflicts play out. As a “test bed” for climate change adaptation, coastal regions provide valuable, but highly diverse experiences and lessons. This paper sets out to explore the lessons of coastal planning and development for the implementation of proactive adaptation, and the possibility to move from adaptation visions to actual adaptation governance and planning. Using qualitative analysis of interviews and workshops, we first examine what the barriers are to proactive adaptation at the coast, and how current policy and practice frames are leading to avoidable lock-ins and other maladaptive decisions that are narrowing our adaptation options. Using examples from UK, we then identify adaptation windows that can be opened, reframed or transformed to set the course for proactive adaptation which links high level top-down legislative requirements with local bottom-up actions. We explore how these windows can be harnessed so that space for proactive adaptation increases and maladaptive decisions are reduced

The role of place attachment in proactive and reactive adaptation to flood risk

This! research! examines! the! role!of! relationship! with! place! in! reactive!and! proactive! adaptation! to! flood! risk! in! England.! There! is! currently! little! research! into! how! floods! affect! relationship! with! place! and! how! this! relationship! may! determine! adaptive! behaviour.! As! the! social! limits! to! adaptation! are! increasingly! recognised,! theories! about! relationship! with! place!offer!a!new!perspective!as!to!how!flood!risk!is!interpreted!and!acted! on.! This! research! examines! how! place! attachment! and! place! meaning! interacts!with!flood!risk!at!the!household!and!community!scale,!and!the!role! of!place!attachment!in!involvement!in!adaptation!planning!decisions.! ! Fieldwork!took!place!in!two!locations,!Cumbria,!where!adaptation!measures! were!in!response!to!flooding!that!occurred!in!2009!and!Barnes,!an!area!that! is! at! risk! of! flooding! and! is! part! of! the! Thames! Estuary! 2100! plan! that! addresses!flood!risk!in!the!coming!century.!Place!attachment,!place!meaning,! social! capital! and! trust! in! institutions! were! examined! using! faceQtoQface! surveys!(n=380).!In!order!to!gain!a!deeper!understanding!of!the!relationship! between! place! and! flood! experience! inQdepth! interviews!were! carried! out! with!fourteen!older!adults!in!Cumbria.!! ! The! study! finds! that! place! attachment! predicts! choices! and! behaviours! in! proQactive!adaptation!to!flood!risk.!When!adaptation!is!reactive!the!strength! of! the! relationship! between! adaptation! behaviour! and! place! attachment! weakens.! Following! a! flood,! place! related! meanings! change,! this! research! finds! that! social!aspects!of!place!become!more! important! to! the! individual! and! shape! how! place! is! experienced! and! can! act! to! increase! adaptive! capacity.! ! These! findings! demonstrate! the! dynamic! nature! of! relationship! with! place! and! suggest! that! place! attachment! plays! a! different! role! in! involvement!in!adaptation!decisions!depending!on!whether!behaviour!is!in! anticipation!of,!or!in!reaction!to,!environmental!risk.!

Comparison of automated versus traditional methods of RGP lens verification

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study is two-fold. First, it will be demonstrated that there is no mean offset between base curve verification measurements obtained using a hand-held autokeratometer as opposed to the traditional verification method using a radiuscope. Secondly, the clinical perspective will be explored by presenting the likelihood of any significant difference which may be expected by a practitioner when measuring RGP base curves by automated means. METHODS Ninety-six RGP lens base curves were measured by two clinicians five times each by traditional radiuscope method and by use of an autokeratometer. RESULTS A statistical significant difference between the mean values of the traditional and automated methods of 0.007 mm existed. Clinically, this value is insignificant due to the +1- 0.02 mm error allowed by the ANSI standard for rigid gas permeable lenses. CONCLUSIONS Automated RGP base curve parameter verification using an Alcon Renaissance autokeratometer was found to be as clinically accurate as that done with the use of a radiuscope. Autokeratometer base curve verification also proved to be time efficient and cost effective